Response-contingent and non-contingent informative and redundant secondary reinforcers

Contingent and Non-Contingent Rewards in the Employment Relationship

Mechanisms of resurgence II: Response-contingent reinforcers can reinstate a second extinguished behavior.

Three experiments with rat subjects examined resurgence of an extinguished instrumental response using the procedure introduced by Epstein (1983) with pigeons. There were three phases: (1) initial acquisition of pressing on a lever (L1) for pellet reward, (2) extinction of L1, and (3) a test session in which a second lever (L2) was inserted, briefly reinforced, and then extinguished. Experiment...

Contingent Valuation and Incentives

We empirically investigate the effect of the payment mechanism on contingent values by asking a willingness-to-pay question with one of three different payment mechanisms: individual contribution, contribution with provision point, and referendum. We Ž nd statistical evidence of more afŽ rmative responses in the referendum treatment relative to the individual contribution treatment, some weak s...

Contingent involuntary motoric inhibition: the involuntary inhibition of a motor response contingent on top-down goals.

Effective motor control involves both the execution of appropriate responses and the inhibition of inappropriate responses that are evoked by response-associated stimuli. The inhibition of a motor response has traditionally been characterized as either a voluntary act of cognitive control or a low-level perceptual bias arising from processes such as inhibition of return and priming. Involuntary...

Contingent Identity

It is widely held that if an object a is identical (or non-identical) to an object b, then it is necessary that a is identical (non-identical) to b. This view is supported by an argument from Leibniz’s Law and by a popular conception of de re modality. On the other hand, there are good reasons to allow for contingent identity. Various alternative accounts of de re modality have been developed t...